Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• ) Si3P4 to be energetically favored [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The calculated lattice constant a and the ratio c/a lie within the ranges of 4.961–5.093 Å and 0.994–1.003, respectively. Among the properties of silicon-based materials, one may note a high specific capacity, which is crucial for Li-ion

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• report an in situ magnesiothermic reduction to synthesize a composite of Ge@C as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The obtained electrode delivered a specific capacity of 454.2 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles at a specific current of 1000 mA·g−1. The stable electrochemical performance and good rate

• first few cycles is indicative of the unstable SEI of this electrode. The specific capacity values as function of the number of cycles are shown in Figure 5a. After increasing the specific current to 1000 mA·g−1, the Ge electrode exhibits a rapid capacity fading to 74.8 mAh·g−1, with a retention of 41.7

• period of fading after the change of specific current, deliver a stable specific capacity for almost 200 cycles with retention values of 90.2, 86.2, and 95.2% for Ge/C-SS750, Ge/C-HT180, and Ge/C-iM750, respectively. This observation demonstrates that the presence of a carbon matrix is useful in

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• improve electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance [5][6][7][9][13][14][15][16][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Nanostructured materials can reduce the specific surface current rate as well as improve stability and specific capacity [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. LiCoO2 has been

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• carbon matrix was obtained through carbonization of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). The cathode exhibits good performance with a reversible specific capacity of 500 mAh·g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.2C. The excellent electrochemical behavior is based on the efficient polysulfide entrapment as

• bonded sulfur (40.1%), which displays a specific capacity of 696 mAh·g−1 at 2.5 A·g−1. Unlike most of the reported cathodes, where sulfur is infused in its elemental form (S8), in this design the sulfur source are benzenedisulfonic acid (BDSA, –SO3H) and sulfate (SO42−), which are shown in Figure 4B

• acts as an accelerator [38]. Therefore, the resulting cathode exhibits an improved cycling performance as shown in Figure 4C. A high specific capacity of 770 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.4 A·g−1 with a small capacity decay per cycle of 0.045% was obtained [38]. Additionally, Li et al. [41] reported a

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• densities of 100 and 500 mA·g−1, respectively. Moreover, electrochemical measurements indicate that even though the synthesized nanomaterial possesses a low active surface area, it exhibits a relatively high specific capacity measured at 100 mA·g−1 after 100 cycles and a quite good rate capability at

• and 500 mA·g−1 measured up to 100 consecutive charge–discharge cycles are given in Figure 3b. At 500 mA·g−1, the measured values of the specific capacity are lower than the theoretical capacity of a Co3O4 electrode (890 mAh·g−1). In general, the specific capacity of the investigated material

• −1 shows that the values of specific capacity consecutively rise over the theoretical capacity value and are maintained at 1060 mAh·g−1 after 100th cycle. This phenomenon is well known for different transition metal oxide electrodes and is usually ascribed to the reversible formation/dissolution of a

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• carbon is a promising cathode material for lithium–oxygen batteries. Keywords: electrocatalytic performance; lithium–oxygen batteries; N-doped carbon; nickel carbide; oxygen evolution reaction (OER); oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); specific capacity; Introduction Clean and sustainable renewable energy

• placed in a glass bottle filled with pure oxygen. The discharge/charge was carried out in a cell voltage range from 2.0 to 4.5 V (vs Li+/Li) at room temperature on a battery tester (Neware, CT-3008, China). The specific capacity was calculated using the mass of the entire cathode. Electrochemical

• /PP-700. The integrated area under the CV curve of NiFe-PBA/PP-900 is also much larger than that of NiFe-PBA/PP-700, suggesting that NiFe-PBA/PP-900 has a higher specific capacity than NiFe-PBA/PP-700. Galvanostatic charge and discharge experiments were carried out to investigate the electrocatalytic

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• years in many industrial branches, ranging from electronic devices over battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to applications in grid energy storage. Since for grid energy storage a large amount of installed absolute capacity (rather than specific capacity) is required and LIB cells are still expensive

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• specific capacity of 572 mAh·g−1 at 0.2C after 550 cycles, and 551 mAh·g−1 even at 2C, much better than that of MoS2-S nanosheets (249 mAh·g−1 and 149 mAh·g−1) and C-MoS2/rGO-S composites (334 mAh·g−1 and 382 mAh·g−1). Our intended electrode design protocol and annealing process may pave the way for the

• attracted great attention because of the high energy density (2600 Wh kg−1) and specific capacity (1675 mAh·g−1), low cost, and abundant reserves of elemental sulfur [1][2]. Nevertheless, there are various technical challenges in the development of Li–S batteries. The intrinsic insulation properties of the

• discharge products (Li2S2 and Li2S) and sulfur result in a slow charge and discharge process and a low specific capacity [3]. Intermediate products of battery charge and discharge (Li2Sn, where 3 ≤ n ≤ 8) are soluble in the electrolyte and can also migrate to the lithium metal anode and precipitate there [4

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• respective capacities. Figure 13 shows the rate performance of the LiFePO4//Li4Ti5O12 battery. The battery can be normally charged and discharged from 0.5C to 10C. The specific discharge capacity at 1C is close to 110 mAh·g−1, and reaches about 70 mAh·g−1 at 5C. When the rate is set to 1C again, the specific

• capacity is restored to the initial state. The cycling performance of the battery was also tested. As shown in Figure 14, the battery was continuously cycled up to 800 cycles at 1C, and the remaining capacity was over 100 mAh·g−1. The coulombic efficiency is close to 100% except for the first few cycles

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• exhibited a maximum specific capacity of 1066.8 F·g−1 (533.4 C·g−1) at 0.5 A·g−1 and a capacity retention of 63.4% at 20 A·g−1 in an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). The ASC showed a superior energy density of 100.5 Wh·kg−1 (at a power density of 1.5 kW·kg−1), an ultrahigh power density of 30 kW·kg−1 (at an

• specific capacitance (Cm, F·g−1) and corresponding specific capacity (Ca, mAh·g−1) of the as-prepared electrode material were calculated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) curves by Equation 1 [20][21] and Equation 2 [22]: Where I (A) is the discharge current, t (s) is discharge time, m (g) is

• the loading mass of the active material on the electrode, ΔV is the potential window and ΔV/Δt is the slope of the discharge curve. In order to compare with other materials, the specific capacity was determined as C (C·g−1) = IΔt/m. Assembly of asymmetric supercapacitors To acquire the energy density

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• structure to accommodate sulfur, but also supplies numerous adsorption and catalytic sites for the polysulfides, thus significantly improving both the specific capacity and cycling performance of Li/S batteries. Figure 3a shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of as-prepared TiO2, which has been

• pristine or GO-coated separator. With the TiO2/GO-coated separator, the Li/S batteries still exhibited a high specific capacity of 843.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Additionally, the discharge capacity of ≈320.8 mAh g−1 can be obtained even at a high current density of 3 C. The present study demonstrates the

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation

• . Apart from this specific application, chalcogenide materials also find numerous applications in various scientific fields [3][4][5]. During charge/discharge, MoS2 undergoes a 4-electron process resulting in a theoretical specific capacity of 669 mA·h·g−1, which is almost two times higher than that of

• reversibility (Figure 5d). After 40 cycles a specific capacity of 675 mA·h·g−1 is reached equaling a capacity retention of 78% compared to the initial cycle or 91% when compared to the second cycle. It should be noted that for the calculation of the specific capacitiy the total mass of the freestanding MoS2

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• and effective strategy that can enhance the electrical conductivity and provide relatively high specific capacity (increased by 10–30%). However, the electrochemical performance of this material deteriorates due to the large volume expansion during cycling. This results in a gradual loss of

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• specific capacity. Nanoflower MoS2/reduced graphene oxides composites exhibited a high specific capacity (1225 mAh/g) and an excellent cycling performance (680 mAh/g) after 250 cycles [19]. MoS2 nanoparticles have been used as a starting material for the synthesis of Li–S battery cathodes, since Li2S and

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• structure. When used in Li–S batteries, the 3D porous lattice matrix not only accommodates a high content of sulfur, but also induces a confinement effect towards polysulfide, and thereby reduces the “shuttle effect”. The as-prepared S-3D-RGO@MWCNT composite delivers an initial specific capacity of 1102

• nanotubes; energy storage and conversion; Li–S batteries; nanocomposites; Introduction Li–S batteries are notable for their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh·g−1) and energy density (2600 Wh·kg−1). Sulfur is an abundant element, enabling Li–S batteries to be highly competitive among the various

• battery technologies. The actual application of Li–S batteries, however, is hindered by several challenges, i.e., i) the poor conductivity of sulfur and ii) the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides (Li2Sx, 4 < x ≤ 8) [1][2][3][4]. To achieve a high specific capacity, a sulfur cathode with high electrical

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• . For example, they maintain a high specific capacity (372 mAh g−1) compared to cathode materials, high electrochemical stability in suitable electrolytes, a low operation potential (0.2 V vs Li/Li+), low voltage hysteresis, low cost, and are environmentally friendly [7][8]. Nonetheless, alternative

• Li/Li+). Therefore, high cell voltages can be achieved using appropriate cathode materials [10][12][14]. Based on energy density calculations, it was reported that the total specific capacity can significantly be increased on the cell level by the application of high capacity anode materials

• amorphous carbon matrix. The aim of the applied synthesis route is to combine the beneficial properties of Si and carbon in a Si/C composite material with high specific capacity, good rate performance and long-term cycling stability. Thereby this contribution lays focus on the influence of the Si to C ratio

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• providing pathways for ion and electron transport. The as-prepared S/ZnO@NCNT composite is a promising cathode material for Li/S batteries. Keywords: batteries; nanocomposites; sol–gel processes; sulfur; zinc oxide (ZnO); Introduction Due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 1672 mAh·g−1 and

• large number of mesopores. Unlike ZnO@NCNT reported in the current work, which binds sulfur to the surface, INC encapsulates sulfur inside the pore structure and therefore provides a higher specific capacity. However, INC does not have ZnO-rich active sites and is prone to damage upon the intercalation

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• candidates for the next green rechargeable batteries due to their high energy density (2600 Wh kg−1) and theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g−1). However, before Li–S batteries become a viable technology, some challenges need to be solved such as the insulating nature of sulfur and the shuttle effect

• performance with the addition of MoO2–CNFs could be attributed to the polysulfide adsorption and improved electrochemical reaction kinetics of MoO2, demonstrated by the initial specific capacity and CV curves. Meanwhile, the S/MoO2–CNFs (calcined at 850 °C) retained the highest capacity of 860 mAh g−1 after

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• exhibit a high specific capacity of 1400 mA h/g and good rate performance as well as cycling ability [17]. It was reported that MoS2 zigzag nanoribbons are promising electrode materials for LIBs with a high power density and fast charge/discharge rates [18]. The presence of structural defects can enhance

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• the MFx-NPs. Electrochemical investigations of the FeF2-NPs@TRGO as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries were evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles. The results indicate that the FeF2-NPs@TRGO as cathode material can present a specific capacity of 500 mAh/g at a current density of

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• coin cells. The initial specific capacity of graphene/α-, β-, and γ-MnO2 freestanding cathodes was found to be 321 mAhg−1, 198 mAhg−1, and 251 mAhg−1, respectively. Finally, the graphene/α-MnO2 cathode displayed the best cycling performance due to the low charge transfer resistance and higher

• electrochemical reaction behavior. Graphene/α-MnO2 freestanding cathodes exhibited a specific capacity of 229 mAhg−1 after 200 cycles with 72% capacity retention. Keywords: CR2016 coin cells; freestanding cathode; graphene; Li-ion battery; MnO2; Introduction Nowadays low cost, clean and sustainable energy

• capacity of Li-ion batteries. In commercial Li-ion batteries, LiCoO2, which has a specific capacity of 140 mAh/g, is used as the cathode material although it has many disadvantages such as high cost, toxicity and limited sources. Therefore, researchers have been developing different cathode materials such

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• properties in terms of specific capacity, rate capability and cycling performance compared with solid TiO2 nanofibers for LIB. The initial discharge and charge capacity of porous TiO2 nanofibers with a TBT/paraffin oil ratio of 2.25 reached up to 634.72 and 390.42 mAh·g−1, thus resulting in a coulombic

• ions can be inserted into the TiO2 matrix at higher voltages (at least 1.5 V vs Li/Li+) [11][12][13]. TiO2 possesses a high theoretical specific capacity of 335 mAh·g−1 [14][15][16]. However, the poor rate performance and cycling performance has hindered the practical application of titanium dioxide in

• increasing the current density. The specific capacity decreased gradually with increasing current density. The electrode delivered reversible discharge capacities of 315.14, 166.47, 142.55, 117.56, 96.42, 50.195 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 40, 80, 160, 320, 400, 800 mA·g−1, respectively. Despite the

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• birnessite-type MnO2 nanoparticles, synthesized under ambient conditions from KMnO4 and ethylene glycol, doping with Co prevented agglomeration and increased the specific surface area. The prepared materials possess a very high specific capacity and are potential candidates for supercapacitors [23]. Co-doped

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• lithium storage upon cycling contribute to an enhanced specific capacity [142]. N-doped MnO–graphene prepared by a simple hydrothermal method followed by a heat treatment under ammonia atmosphere, shows a higher capacity and cycle life due to the unique N-doped nanostructure and the efficient mixing with

• life, high reversible specific capacity and excellent rate capability for LIB applications [187]. Self-assembled CoO nanorod clusters were synthesised on 3D graphene through a facile hydrothermal method followed by a heat treatment by Zhu et al. This hybrid exhibited good electromechanical performance

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• vehicles and battery electric vehicles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Graphite, is the most commonly used anode material for LIBs, has a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh·g−1 [9], which does not meet the requirements of hybrid electric vehicles. Thus, the development of next-generation batteries with low

• . Liang et al. [20] employed a simple and easy hydrothermal method for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 microspheres by using sodium citrate as surfactant. A reversible discharge capacity of 489.5 mAh·g−1 was obtained at a current density of 100 mA·g−1 of up to 50 cycles. The specific capacity of the synthesized

• composites, which have been demonstrated to have improved cycling performance [21][22][23][24][25]. All of these materials demonstrated considerable specific capacity, but with some drawbacks such as complex synthesis methods [21][22], high cost and low cycle life. So it is essential to find new facile